Death Penalty Essay: The Barbaric Practice of Capital Punishment

The Barbaric Practice of Capital Punishment      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Rarely has any issue across the world faced such fierce debate as the practice of sentencing convicted persons to death. Capital punishment, or the death penalty, was until the last few centuries, a widespread and common event, applicable for even a minor offense. As society and culture have evolved, however, the barbaric practice has come under close scrutiny. Today, many first-world countries have outlawed the death penalty in all but the rarest instances, such as treason during wartime.    The United States, however, which has stood at the forefront of the fight for global human rights, still uses the death penalty liberally, and can apply it for a great many crimes. This archaic and primitive practice rightly leads other nations to question the United States' self-appointed leadership for global human rights. As many have that have closely examined the practice have concluded, this practice in the United States is not only impractical, immoral, but also fraught with error to such a degree that it could be easily outlawed. The unfortunate part, as many inside and outside our great nation believe, is that it is not.    The development of societies and their governments lead naturally to systems of laws and punishments. Originally, there were far more illegal acts than exist today, and the punishments were harsher, since an advanced prison system had not been developed. The basic premise of any legal system worldwide has always been simple, however: to take those who pose a threat to society and to remove them from it. The next act of choosing to actually kill these people was never a necessary act for society. Instead, it was a form of retributive justice,... ... Campaign to End the Death Penalty: Illinois Moratorium, "Moratorium Victory In Illinois" 13 Dec 2000 http://www.nodeathpenalty.org/ilmoratorium.html Dieter, Richard C., The Death Penalty in Black & White: Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Decides June 1998, 13 Dec 2000 http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/racerpt.html Genesis and John. Holy Bible (Chicago: Good Counsel Publishers, 1966) Hook, Donald D. and Lothar Kahn, Death in the Balance, (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1989) John, Mark and Alastair Macdonald, "Bush Hard Line on Executions Will Trouble Europe" 14 Dec 2000, 14 Dec 2000 http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/nm/20001214/pl/bush_death_dc_1.html National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty, "Deterrence...Fact Or Fiction?" 13 Dec 2000 http://www.ncadp.org/fact5.html Sellin, Thorsten, Capital Punishment, (NY: Harper & Row) 122-124 and 239-253

NFL Domestic Violence Essay

Domestic violence is a part of worldwide, everyday life to some people. Rather if it is being a witness, the person who is doing the action, or the one receiving the action. Domestic violence, specifically in the NFL, has become a major recent topic in America. Although domestic violence has a more focused appalling view, it has also caused benefits in making change in our society with the involvement of NFL’s players. In the NFL, the relative arrest rate for domestic violence is at 55.4 percent which is more than four times worse than the leagues arrest rate for all offenses (Marris). This proves that more than half of the arrest rates are because of domestic violence. Not only that, but it also shows that in the NFL, the men are solemnly violent with unnecessary actions. Having said that, between the years of 2000 to 2014, there were seven hundred and thirty two recorded arrests of NFL football players, two hundred and thirteen of them were related to domestic violence cases (Schrotenboer). With there being several cases of NFL players practicing domestic violence, the most recent ones are of Ray Rice, the running back of the Baltimore Ravens and Adrian Peterson, running back of the Minnesota Vikings. The current Commissioner of the National Football League, Roger Goodell stated that these NFL abuse scandals are an opportunity (Goodell). He had asked a FBI leader to conduct an independent investigation to appraisal the NFL’s reviewing process and will have full access to any needed information (Jarrett). This will consent to the NFL to take hasty actions in bettering their reviewing process and dependable conclusions (Goodell). The swift actions taken by Goodell when he said, â€Å"the NFL can help create change in society due to the cases of domestic violence†, he had already created many programs to help with it. Goodell had also partnered with hotlines for domestic violence and within a week, seen an 84 percent  increase in calls (Goodell). He also said that the punishment for behavior for domestic violence will be consistent, clean, and current consequences (Goodell). These proceedings can enhance the many cases of domestic violence in general. TMZ Sports Fig 1. Older cases of domestic violence from players in the NFL are also in effect to Goodell’s recent actions. Such as, the Arizona Cardinals running back, Jonathan Dwyer, was arrested and questioned on suspicion of aggravated assaults against his 27-year-old wife and his 18-month-old son (Howard). In addition to $25,000 cash bond which must be posted, Dwyer could not contact with the alleged victims, travel outside of Arizona, or have any involvement with weapons, drugs, or alcohol, NBC News had confirmed with the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office (Howard). Additionally, Minnesota Vikings put Adrian Peterson back on their team after reversing the decision of his actions of injuring a child but, his sponsorships with Wheaties, Nike, Castrol, and the Radisson hotel chain had each suspended the athlete (Howard). Actions of the past effects decisions in the future, such as Roger Goodell’s. As domestic violence still goes on, including in the NFL, improvements and opportunity are bettering the domestic violence system due to past cases, especially with NFL players who were once involved. Works Cited Howard, Adam. â€Å"NFL Running Back Jonathan Dwyer Arrested for Domestic Violence.†Msnbc.com. NBCNews Digital, 18 Sept. 2014. Web. 28 Sept. 2014. . Jarrett, Gregg. â€Å"Ray Rice, Adrian Peterson Cases: NFL Abuse Scandals Are an Opportunity.†Fox News.FOX News Network, 20 Sept. 2014. Web. 28 Sept. 2014.. Morris, Benjamin. â€Å"The Rate of Domestic Violence Arrests Among NFL Players.† DataLab. 31July 2014.Web. 28 Sept. 2014. . â€Å"New Video of NFL Ray Rice Knocking out His Woman in Elevator – Kick! Making PoliticsFun.† Kick Making Politics Fun. TMZ Sport, 8 Sept. 2014. Web. 2 Oct. 2014. . Schrotenboer, Brent. â€Å"USA Today | Sports | NFL.† USA Today. Gannett. Web. 28 Sept. 2014..

Sterling Price - American Civil War - Major General

Sterling Price - Early Life Career: Born September 20, 1809 in Farmville, VA, Sterling Price was the son of wealthy planters Pugh and Elizabeth Price.  Receiving his early education locally, he later attended Hampden–Sydney College in 1826 before departing to pursue a career in law.  Admitted to the Virginia bar, Price briefly practiced in his home state until following his parents to Missouri in 1831.  Settling in Fayette and then Keytesville, he married Martha Head on May 14, 1833.  During this time, Price engaged in a variety of enterprises including tobacco farming, a mercantile concern, and operating a hotel.  Gaining some prominence, he was elected to the Missouri State House of Representatives in 1836.   Sterling Price - Mexican-American War: In office two years, Price aided in resolving the Mormon War of 1838.  Returning to the state house in 1840, he later served as speaker before being elected to the US Congress in 1844.  Remaining in Washington a little over a year, Price resigned his seat on August 12, 1846 to serve in the Mexican-American War.  Returning home, he raised and was made colonel of the  Second Regiment, Missouri Mounted Volunteer Cavalry.  Assigned to Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearnys command, Price and his men moved southwest and aided in the capture of Santa Fe, New Mexico.  While Kearny moved west, Price received orders to serve as military governor of New Mexico. In this capacity, he put down the Taos Revolt in January 1847.   Promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on July 20, Price was appointed as military governor of Chihuahua.  As governor, he defeated Mexican forces at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales on March 18, 1848, eight days after the ratification of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.  Though reprimanded for this action by Secretary of War William L. Marcy, no further punishment occurred.  Leaving military service on November 25, Price returned to Missouri.  Considered a war hero, he easily won election as governor in 1852.  An effective leader, Price departed office in 1857 and became the states banking commissioner.   Sterling Price - The Civil War Begins:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the secession crisis following the election of 1860, Price initially opposed the actions of the southern states.  As a prominent politician, he was elected to head the Missouri State Convention to debate secession on February 28, 1861.  Though  the state voted to remain in the Union, Prices sympathies shifted following Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyons seizure of Camp Jackson near St. Louis and arrest of the Missouri Militia.  Casting his lot with the Confederacy, he was appointed to lead the Missouri State Guard by pro-Southern Governor Claiborne F. Jackson with the rank of major general.  Dubbed Old Pap by his men, Price embarked on a campaign to push Union troops out of Missouri. Sterling Price - Missouri Arkansas: On August 10, 1861, Price, along with Confederate Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch,  engaged Lyon at the Battle of Wilsons Creek.  The fighting saw Price win a victory and Lyon killed.  Pressing on, Confederate troops claimed another victory at Lexington in September.  Despite these successes, Union reinforcements compelled Price and McCulloch, who had become fierce rivals, to withdraw into northern Arkansas in early 1862.  Due to the conflict between the two men, Major General Earl Van Dorn was dispatched to take overall command.  Seeking to regain the initiative, Van Dorn led his new command against Brigadier General Samuel Curtis Union army at Little Sugar Creek in early March.  While the army was on the move, Prices major general commission was finally transferred to the Confederate Army.  Leading an effective attack at the  Battle of Pea Ridge on March 7, Price was wounded.  Though Prices actions were largely successful, Van Dorn was beaten the following day and forced to retreat. Sterling Price - Mississippi: Following Pea Ridge, Van Dorns army received orders to cross the Mississippi River to reinforce General P.G.T. Beauregards army at Corinth, MS.  Arriving, Prices division saw service in the Siege of Corinth that May and withdrew south when Beauregard elected to abandon the town.  That fall, when Beauregards replacement,  General Braxton Bragg, moved to invade Kentucky, Van Dorn and Price were left to defend Mississippi.  Pursued by Major General Don Carlos Buells Army of the Ohio, Bragg directed Prices enlarged Army of the West to march from Tupelo, MS north towards Nashville, TN. This force was to be aided by Van Dorns smaller Army of West Tennessee. Together, Bragg hoped  this combined force to would prevent Major General Ulysses S.  Grant from moving to aid Buell.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marching north, Price engaged Union forces under Major General William S. Rosecrans on September 19 at the Battle of Iuka.  Attacking the enemy, he was unable to break through Rosecrans lines.  Bloodied, Price elected to withdraw and moved to unite with Van Dorn at Ripley, MS.  Rendezvousing five days later, Van Dorn led the combined force against Rosecrans lines at Corinth on October 3.  Assaulting the Union positions for two days in the Second Battle of Corinth, Van Dorn failed to achieve victory.  Angered by Van Dorn and desiring to take his command back to Missouri, Price traveled to Richmond, VA and met with President Jefferson Davis.  Making his case, he was chastised by Davis who questioned his loyalty.  Stripped of his command, Price received orders to return to the Trans-Mississippi Department. Sterling Price - Trans-Mississippi: Serving under Lieutenant General Theophilus H. Holmes, Price spent the first half of 1863 in Arkansas.  On July 4, he performed well in the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Helena and assumed command of the army as it withdrew to Little Rock. AR.  Pushed out of the state capital later that year, Price ultimately fell back to Camden, AR.  On March 16, 1864, he took command of the District of Arkansas.  The following month, Price opposed Major General Frederick Steeles advance through the southern part of the state.  Misinterpreting Steeles objectives, he lost Camden without a fight on April 16.  Though Union forces had won a victory, they were short on supplies and Steele elected to withdraw to Little Rock.  Harried by Price and reinforcements led by General Edmund Kirby Smith, Steeles rearguard defeated this combined force at Jenkins Ferry in late April. Following this campaign, Price began advocating for an invasion of Missouri with the goal of reclaiming the state and endangering President Abraham Lincolns reelection that fall.  Though Smith granted permission for the operation, he stripped Price of his infantry.  As a result, the effort in Missouri would be limited to a large-scale cavalry raid.  Moving north with 12,000 horsemen on August 28, Price crossed into Missouri and engaged Union forces at Pilot Knob a month later.  Turning west, he fought a string of battles as his men laid waste to the countryside.  Increasingly hemmed in by Union forces, Price was badly beaten by Curtis, now leading the Department of Kansas Indian Territory, and Major General Alfred Pleasonton at Westport on October 23.  Pursued into hostile Kansas, Price turned south, passed through the Indian Territory and finally halted at Laynesport, AR on December 2 having lost half of his command. Sterling Price - Later Life: Largely inactive for the remainder of the war, Price elected not to surrender at its conclusion and instead rode to Mexico with part of his command in the hope of serving in the army of Emperor Maximilian.  Turned down by the Mexican leader, he briefly led a community of Confederate expatriates living in Veracruz before growing ill with intestinal issues.  In August 1866, Prices condition worsened when he contracted typhoid.  Returning to St. Louis, he lived in an impoverished state until dying on September 29, 1867.  His remains were buried in the citys Bellefontaine Cemetery. Selected Sources: Civil War Trust: Major General Sterling PriceHistory of War: Major General Sterling PriceEncyclopedia of Arkansas: Major General Sterling Price

The Effects Of Incarceration On The Social Of African...

Chapter Three Disciplinary changes applied to the juvenile justice system in addition to negative impressions of juvenile males have caused juvenile male incarceration rates to surge. African American male juveniles encounter racial differences in society everyday due to view that media portrays them to be. Racial bias amongst these juvenile African American males is the principal cause of their incarceration rates climbing higher each year. The lives of these juveniles are seriously altered after being incarcerated due to the negative labels given to them. This chapter will discuss the findings, implications, and future research of the impact of incarceration on the social conceptions of African American juveniles. Findings Negative views caused by society have had a major impact on the increasing of African American male juvenile incarceration rates in this country. Education is believed to be one of the most important resolutions to juvenile delinquency, but it does not gain the awareness it deserves in these detention centers. Instead, because of the multiple issues that face juvenile detention centers, academic growth is often ignored (Morrison and Epps 2002). To efficiently restore young people in America s juvenile justice system, those who are in custody require more educational services that can help develop their educational skills. Foster, Williamson, and Buchannon (2004) reported on a successful reading program that was implemented at a juvenileShow MoreRelatedThe Juvenile Justice System Is Not Reflective Of Their National Population1612 Words   |  7 Pagesare roughly 79,000 adolescents held at juvenile facilities all across the United States (Sickmund Puzzanchera, 2014). Of that pop ulation, Latino and African American youth represent the majority of those in confinement. This is a problem because the overrepresentation of minorities within the juvenile justice system is not reflective of their national population percentages. Nationally, Latino and African American youth only comprise 38% of the total juvenile population combined, while CaucasianRead MoreImpact Of Incarceration Of Young Offenders1744 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Impacts Incarceration of â€Å"Young Offenders† in the United States By Cedric Washington (Abstract) This study is to examine the impact of offenders under the ages of 18 becoming incarcerated in United States. In society today there a lot of young children of all races incarcerated throughout America. All around the world there are different classes of people that form a community. Within these communities, population grows and grows on a yearly basis. When looking at the topicRead MoreEnvironmental Risk Factors Of Adolescents1806 Words   |  8 PagesFindings Environmental Risk factors Poverty. The social environments that adolescents are repeatedly exposed to have been shown to influence their behaviors that follow into adulthood. Adolescents who are exposed to toxic social environments (e.g. violent neighborhoods, poverty, minimal parental supervision, etc.) have demonstrated higher rates of offending in comparison to adolescents who come from more affluent neighborhoods (Chung Steinberg 2006; Steinberg Monahan, 2007). Rodriguez (2013)Read MoreSocial Issues In Criminal Justice1361 Words   |  6 Pagesrepeating crimes. The issue with this law was the abuse of power that rode on its coattails. The criminal justice system was handing down harsh sentences to non-violent, non-serious offenders, marking them with their second and third strikes. African Americans that are punished under the three strikes law, account for 13 times more than white offenders for similar crimes (Three Strikes Law Disproportionately Affects Blacks, 2004). When examining the implications of our laws and policies, startingRead MoreJuvenile Justice System in California1815 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish 28/ Research Paper May 27, 2013 Does the Time Fit the Crime? This is a call to action, how much do we actually know about the California Juvenile Justice system? Have we given up on today’s youth? There are more than 2,500 juvenile offender’s states wide that have been sentenced to life in prison or life without parole. They are sent to adult court in which they were convicted for their crimes. This is costing California tax payersRead MoreThe Sentencing Of African Americans1626 Words   |  7 Pages African Americans now constitute nearly 1 million of the total 2.3 million incarcerated; that is 60% of 30% of the African American population. African Americas are incarcerated at nearly six times the rate of whites. â€Å"Between 6.6% and 7.5% of all black males ages 25 to 39 were imprisoned in 2011, which were the highest imprisonment rates among the measured sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age groups. (Carson, E. Ann, and Sabol, William J. 2011.) Stated on Americanprogram.org â€Å" The SentencingRead MoreThe Basis for Cri dme Deterren ce in the United States964 Words   |  4 Pagesreaching consequences for criminal offenders and completely ignores the true goal of incarceration, to rehabilitate the offender for reintroduction into society. Mass incarceration as a means of criminal rehabilitation in the United States is extremely flawed. There are many far-reaching consequences of this practice that not only affects the incarcerated but larger society on a whole. The phrase mass incarceration, according to Oxford Encyclopedia, refers to â€Å"comparatively and historically extremeRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is The Highest Rate Of Incarceration Rates Among African American Males1339 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The United States has the highest rate of incarceration in the world, this country is known to have the greatest number of people go to jail yearly than any other state shown in records. Chicago, Illinois is known to be the city that never sleeps, the city that encompasses the highest rates of homicides, drug smuggling and highest incarceration rates among African American males. Delinquency is a social term in society often used to describe individuals who have been involved in criminalRead MoreComparison Between Schools And Prisons1732 Words   |  7 PagesBut, during this same period taxpayers spent nearly $290 million to imprison residents from just 11 Philadelphia neighborhoods, home to about one-quarter of the city s population. State spending on corrections has exploded in recent years, as incarceration rates have more than tripled in a majority of states in the past few decades. The report says that the likelihood that an offender will be incarcerated has gone up across the board for all major crimes. At the same time, increases in educationRead MoreThe Prisoners Wife: Incarcerated Parents1152 Words   |  5 Pagesparents. According to Department of Justice data African American children are nine time more likely than white children to have incarcerated parents, A number double that of what was reported in 1991 Most children of incarcerated parents live in poverty before, during and after their parent incarceration( Johnston 1995).The social consequences of not meeting the need of these children and their non incarcerated parent will come to the attention of social workers in array of fields of practice. This

Stress Management Essay - 1503 Words

Stress is defined as â€Å"any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and thereby tax one’s coping abilities† (Weiten Lloyd, 2006, p. 72). Stress is a natural event that exists literally in all areas of one’s life. It can be embedded in the environment, culture, or perception of an event or idea. Stress is a constant burden, and can be detrimental to one’s physical and mental health. However stress can also provide beneficial effects; it can satisfy one’s need for stimulation and challenge, promote personal growth, and can provide an individual with the tools to cope with, and be less affected by tomorrow’s stress (Weiten Lloyd, 2006, p. 93). When stressful events occur three types of responses take†¦show more content†¦Both aggression and self indulgence are harmful and have negative effects both psychologically and physiologically. Positive coping strategies, or constructive coping, refer to strategies that are healthy when dealing with stress. Constructive coping strategies involve realistic appraisals of the situation, directly confronting the situation, organizing and managing the potentially disruptive emotional reactions to stress, and exerting some control over the negative habitual behaviors (Weiten Lloyd, 2006, p. 114). In order to effectively manage stress an individual must first accurately identify the sources of the stress. Psychological tests such as the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), or the Life Experiences Survey (LES), can aid in identifying the extent in which events or situations that are perceived as stressful. The SRRS test measures life change as a form of stress. Values are assi gned to 43 major life events that reflect the degree of the readjustment required by each change (Weiten Lloyd, 2006). A high score on the SRRS indicates that the individual is more vulnerable to physical and psychological illnesses. However the SRRS fails to account for many variables such as individual perception of the event or neuroticism. The stressful events depicted in the SRRS are ambiguous, which lowers the reliability of the test. Alternatively the LES was designed to address the problems withShow MoreRelatedStress And The Stress Management1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe definition of Stress, its history and how to manage Stress is a daily conversation word as the world is becoming more challenging and difficult to live. It is very important to understand, and know how to manage it on a daily basis especially on our workplace. This essay will be broken into four parts firstly it is going to discuss about the contrast and similarity in the definition of stress between Engineering and Selye’s approach. Then it is going to critically evaluate the General AdaptationRead MoreHow Stress And Stress Management1319 Words   |  6 Pagesin which we have studied during the weeks of nine through eleven. 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Stress is reported to cost employers US$120Read MoreEssay on Stress and Stress Management1494 Words   |  6 Pages Stress and stress management: What is stress and how to manage it ? Stress is defined as a force that tends to strain or deform (b) mental emotional or physical tension, strain or distress-(v) to put emphasis on (c ) to subject to strain or pressure. Stress is a unwanted feeling of emotions and physiological arousal that some experience in certain situations. Stress can mean different things to various people. People have said; â€Å"That stress can causeRead MoreA Short Note On Stress Management And Stress Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesStania Tavil Dr. Diane D. Ashe Psychology 2012 October 15, 2016 Stress Management In everyday life, people have to deal with some good moments and some difficulties. They can be helpful and also destructive. Life Comes down to several characteristic as:/ joy, love, sadness, crying etc. There are many phenomena that appear and seem good and a little weird too sometimes. They can be: physical, moral, social, economic, psychological, natural disaster, or failing to achieve. Everyone wants to be happyRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress And Nutrition On Stress Management1852 Words   |  8 Pages Over the recent decades the emerging importance that nutrition has on stress management in college students along with others has become a controversial topic all across different Universities and Public Institutions. Hence, for years, society has suspected that stress and nutrition are linked and now after so many years, scientific research has found evidence to support this connection. In an article by Fysekidis Kouacou (2015), research suggest to help explain this link and, as more individualsRead MoreStress Management Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesStress Stress is normal. 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The homework and exams will keep coming, there is endless study and work in the day, and our career and family responsibilities will always be demanding. However, the good news is that stress can be managed

Perioperative nursing Free Essays

string(131) " exposed under a strong foundation of ethical practice, standards can positively guide in her performance in the surgical setting\." Perioperative nurses take the responsibility of safeguarding the rights of surgical patients before, during and after his surgery. The nurse’s decisions during this period of the patient’s institutionalization are based on universal moral principles. As the patient’s advocate or representative during this crucial period, the nurse ensures the quality and continuity of care that a surgical patient needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Perioperative nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is simply based on the premise that patients during this period cannot functionally and actively participate, decide and monitor the regimen of care that best suits them particularly during and after sedation. Often, Perioperative nurses are faced with decisions necessary when caring for surgical patients. They are therefore necessarily prepared to recognize that soon ethical dilemmas will occur and the nurse must take appropriate courses of action through responsible nursing decisions. Not only are they expected to make clinical and technical decisions but also ethically and morally sound decisions suitable for the treatment of their patient. In a daily encounter and exchange with the patient, nurses often have the potential to develop relationships with their patients based on trust. Patient’s trust that nurses will support and follow through with any concerns or issues that have been discussed ((Seifert, 2002: 306). At the same time nurses provide a listening ear  Ã‚   to their patient while providing encouragement and support. Likewise, nurses are provided with the opportunity to learn and gather information essential to the health concerns of their patients including fears and apprehensions. This provides an ample opportunity for nurses to exact information that could be relayed to physicians and other family members pertinent to the regimen of treatment acceptable to the patient. Base on the parameter of therapeutic use of self, nurses are encouraged to maintain a professional and therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996: 186). The Nurses’ Role Within the framework of the nursing process, nurses’ work in collaboration with the other health team members in order to achieve desirable patient outcomes (AORN, 2004:16). They are enjoined to use the tools of the nursing process to meet the needs of the patient undergoing invasive procedures. Although much of the practice involves technicalities, the patient is still the main focus of the perioperative nurse rather than on her technical functions. The goal is still to provide care and support for the patient and for their families (Spry, 2005:3). As the perioperative nurse, one is likewise expected to assist the patient and their families in making sound decisions to meet the overall desired outcome of wellness after surgery and a healthy return to normal life. Along the lines of perioperative nursing, care is provided in various settings based on three major aspects of providing direct care; coordinating comprehensive care and educating patient and their families (Spry:3). The impact of illness particularly when invasive procedures are due usually limits the patients’ individual autonomy and ability to make decisions, thereby placing the perioperative nurse in a powerful position.   Patients and family members often feel helpless in a health care setting; how much more when a love one is scheduled for operation? The patient is therefore vulnerable at this stage so the role of the nurse as an advocate for the patient is stressed as vital to patient care. It would most likely help the patient and his family t know that the nurse during a perioperative setting and procedure ensure a continuous assessment of care for the patient while in the OR, thereby providing ample assurance that the patient’s needs are being met. The nurse, as a moral agent of the patient, must therefore be ready and be able to act and advocate for the patient’s needs whenever necessary while providing perioperative care. In addition, the nurse’s role includes informing patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are given all the necessary information necessary to make/participate in the decision making and likewise support them in whatever decision they undertake. Although the nurse has a responsibility in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other health care professionals her main ethical duty is the prevention of a potential injury to the patient and to third parties (Kohnke, 1980: 2039). Nurses in general and in particular perioperative nurses must act as an advocate for the patient, co-worker, family members and students (Seifert, 2002: 307). By virtue of her relationship with the patient, her obligation is to provide a safe, professional and ethical care particularly during the perioperative phase when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are not equipped to understand the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an advocate for the rights of the patient and their families. Thus it is in principle the duty of the nurse to provide patients with ethical care they ought to receive during this particular phase of their treatment. Promoting perioperative nurses’ safety It is therefore another vital job of a perioperative nurse to ensure and create an environment that fosters ethical behavior. As a duty to herself, the nurse must engage in a life-long learning experience, maintaining competence, and promoting personal and professional values, supports the establishment and maintenance of an ethical workplace (Seifert, 2002:306). Nurses must be able to establish, maintain, and improve the work environment and maintain an ability to preserve their integrity and moral self respect. Other virtues and excellence of character like loyalty and honesty further promote nurses’ abilities to fulfill moral obligations and cited as exemplary qualities of the moral person to behave in an ethical manner (ANA, Sec.20). The environment strongly influences in the acquisition of virtues and excellence that may support or impede  ethical behavior. Certain policies, procedures and position often help in influencing behavior that can affect the delivery of care. Certain intolerable policies that become inconsistent with a nurse job like mandatory overtime can greatly become an impediment to an employee’s ethical performance. When nurses are exposed under a strong foundation of ethical practice, standards can positively guide in her performance in the surgical setting. You read "Perioperative nursing" in category "Essay examples" Not only will she be able to identify activities and interventions that help her achieve specific patient outcome but also link her actions t ethical behavior. Most set standards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, honesty, loyalty and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002: 492). Nurses who are exposed to this professional standard are likely to employ these standards and view them as a normal practice essential to improve unethical and unsafe practices within her responsibility. Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment will likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. Potential hazards, risks, and unsafe conditions abound in the surgical arena where constant distractions, excessive noise, hasty reviews of patient records, and frequent interruptions can produce situations where the likelihood of error increases. It is always right to alert physicians and others within the health team of any unsafe or deteriorating patient condition that can lead to an active error like sending the wrong patient for surgery; patient morbidity and perhaps mortality. An enlightened approach to this error is to replace blame and punishment with learning and improving (Reeder, 2001:117). Facing Ethical Dilemmas A nurse, for example, has a statutory duty to report suspected cases of abuse or potential for injury, and this situation may arise when a coworker demonstrates incompetent practice. This is an ethical dilemma facing nurses and it seems that nurses are no closer to a solution of how they can be effective advocates for patients without compromising their working identity or facing conflicts of loyalty (Martin, 1998:156). In essence, the nurse would exercise moral alignment with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital. The nurse will not do any injustice if she takes on the role as the patient’s advocate in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002:309). In truth, all health care providers should function as patient advocates (Kohnke, 1980:2040). In instances such as clarifying consent issues, perioperative nurses may act as advocates in a potential ethical conflict (Spry, 2005:3). It may be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve ethical action, but n ot all cases may necessarily involve ethical conflict (Seifert, 2002:309). The nurse’s role in perioperative practice has two components which implies supporting the patient’s autonomy or his right to choose freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in agreement with the patient’s decision. One of the fundamental duties of nursing is to promote and defend patients’ rights (Segesten and Fagring, 1996:142). The act of suppressing an individual’s rights serves as the catalyst response of the nurse to act as the patient’s advocate which is her second role. If advocacy implies speaking up for someone, then it is her duty to speak up for the welfare and benefit of the patient. Again, this could be an identifiable problem because not all nurses are comfortable with conflict situations. Others may not recognize any rights violations; the nurse may not have a level of experience or communication skills that will facilitate advocacy; they may not be empowered as related to a restrictive care environment; or they just may not have a level of understanding about advocacy in general (Seifert, 2002:308). During an error occurrence during the perioperative phase communication and interdisciplinary relationships is the common cause coupled with disruptive physician behavior; institutional responses to such behavior; and the effects of such behavior on nurse satisfaction, morale, and retention (Rosenstein, 2002: 34). When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, identify systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively review the causes of the error, and share lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical practices challenge the creation of a moral environment thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all members of the health care team are more likely to support fulfillment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001:118). Conclusion: As an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates confusion particularly when the nurse is faced with a dilemma that conflicts between her personal values and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring:144). Nurses must therefore act in accordance with the practice standards and code of ethics in coordination with her own values. Speaking up in behalf f the perioperative patient suggest that she is favorably acting as the patient’s advocate particularly during the perioperative phase. This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions according to ethical principle and values. She should speak up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for her actions such as loosing her job. Insofar as ethical practice is concern, an individual must be able to choose whether to sacrifice oneself for her patient and follow a principle of justice. Otherwise if a nurse has any problems with this, she can choose a field that may not compromise her personal beliefs, values or ethics when challenged. The advocacy training for nurses starts within the confines of the nursing education and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her well-being which is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 1995:18). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to identify the ethical issues in patient care and understand the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be trained to recognize the patient’s rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002:312). The knowledge of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the patient and speak in his behalf using effective communication skills. Works Cited Spry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative Nursing (3rd ed.) Aspen: Jones and Barlett. Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. Pediatric Nursing 22, 185-189. Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). Ethics in perioperative practice: Duty to self. AORN Journal 76, 306-313. United States. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, 20. Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advocacy: An essential part of quality nursing care. International Nursing Review 43, 142-144. Gaylord,N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). Nursing advocacy: An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics 2, 11-18. Martin, G. (1998, March). Communication breakdown or ideal speech situation: The problem of nurse advocacy. Nursing Ethics 5, 147-157. Rosenstein, A. (2002, June). Original research: Nurse-physician relationships: Impact on nurse satisfaction and retention. American Journal of Nursing 10, 26-34. Reeder, J. (2001,April). Patient Safety, Errors and mistakes, and perioperative Nursing. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10, 115-118. Kohnke, M.(1980, November). The nurse as advocate. American Journal of Nursing 80,2038-2040. How to cite Perioperative nursing, Essay examples

Impact of Transportation Due to Population Growth in NSW - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Transportation Due to Population Growth in NSW. Answer: According to Parliament.nsw.gov.au (2017), the estimated quantitative population of Australia in December 2001 was about 19.6 million which is an increased population of approximately 1.3 percent of the total population present in 2000. The population of Australia has a steady increase with an annual rate of about 1.3 percent per year during 1996 to 2001 (Infrastructure Publications, 2017). The increase in population was due to naturally excessive birth rates over death rates which results in more growth of population compared to migration in Australia. As all countries needs transportation service for establishing a connection with people to their jobs, essential services and communities, Australia is also in need of transportation. In Australia, one out of eight people use public transport for their daily purpose. Driving own car is considered as the most important mode of transport in Australia. Near about 80 percent of total travel is done by own driving. Due to this, Australia s uffers from worst congestion on roads. Costs on congestion that can be avoidable in capital of Australia continue to rise to near about 30 billion dollar in the year 2013 from 16.5 billion dollar (Ting, 2017). In peak hours, Sydney faces the most congestion control on roads. Speed of the cars on some major roads of Sydney limits to about 25km/hr in last two years. Data also shows that in the afternoon peak hours, cars get struck in the traffic for about six hours on Clyde road and Concord road. References Infrastructure Publications. (2017).Infrastructure.gov.au. Retrieved 25 November 2017, from https://infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure/publications/ Population Growth: Implications for Australia and Sydney.Parliament.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 25 November 2017, from https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/researchpapers/Documents/population-growth-implications-for-australia-and/05-03.pdf Ting, I. (2017).Peak hour in Sydney is getting worse and longer, data shows.The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 November 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/peak-hour-in-sydney-is-getting-worse--and-longer-data-shows-20160310-gnftvd.html